Jean-joseph rabearivelo biography of mahatma gandhi
One of Africa's most important French-language poets, a prominent figure in the literary revival known as the Mitady ny Very, which swept Madagascar in the s. Jean-Joseph Rab�arivelo wrote both in Malagasy and in his own unique version of imperfect French. He was passionate and restless, drifted from one job to another, and suffered from drug addiction and depression.
Biography of mahatma gandhi death Jean, Sally Lucas — As an experiment, he wrote Malagasy and French versions of each poem in these two books; the French versions were published in and respectively. Leonard Fox is a well-known translator of Malagasy literature. Regarding Rabearivelo's works from this period, editor Jacques Rabemananjara acknowledged the poet's evident talent but critiqued his over-adherence to form and poetic conventions at the expense of innovation and genuine self-expression.Rab�arivelo took his own life at the age of
And you witness of his daily suffering
and of his endless task;
you atch his thunder-riddled agony
until the battlements of the East re-echo
the conches of the sea &#;
but you pity him no more
and do not even remember that his sufferings begin again
each time the sun capsizes.
(from Traduit de la nuit, )
Jean-Joseph Rab�arivelo was born in Antananarivo (Tananarive), the capital of Madagascar, into a relatively poor family. His mother, who married a tailor, was an aristocrat, related to the royalty of the largest Malagasy ethnic group, the Merina people. In Malagasy armed forces had been defeated by the French, and the new administration led to the pauperization of most of the Merina royalty.
The loss of her family's property was also partly caused by the abolition of slavery.
Rab�arivelo was educated by his uncle, who sent him to the Ecole des Fr�res des Ecoles Chr�tiennes at Andohalo, then to the Coll�ge Saint-Michel in Amparibe.
Jean-joseph rabearivelo biography of mahatma gandhi for kids In he took a job as a proofreader at the publishing house Imprimerie de l'Imerina, a position he would continue to occupy for the rest of his life. Jean Philippe Arthur Dubuffet. To me he comes strongly as a celestial poet with his eye in the sky, his head towards the heavens, yet his feet grounded on the soil of Madagascar. The surrealist poetry he composed beginning in displayed greater originality, garnering him strong praise and acclaim.He left school at the age of thirteen, but continued to read widely, gaining familiarity with Western classics, and mastering both Spanish and French. For some years he was a secretary and interpreter of the head of the Canton of Ambatolampy, and then returned to Tananarive.
Until Rab�arivelo worked in odd jobs, and eventually ended as a proof-reader at the printing press of the Imerina, keeping the poorly paid job until his death.
In he married Mary Razafitrimo, a photographer's daughter; they had five children. The death of his youngest daughter was a terrible blow for him. In Un conte de la nuit, a short story, Rab�arivelo recounts the family tragedy.
Rab�arivelo's mother encouraged him to write and at the age of 20 Rab�arivelo published his first poems in a journal.
In the Austrian review Anthropos accepted an essay on Malagasy poetry. He started to contribute articles to journals in his own country, in the neighboring Mauritius, and in Europe. Among his friends was the poet Pierre Camo, who worked as a civil servant, and included some of Rab�arivelo's poems in his review 18� Latitude Sud.
Biography of mahatma gandhi hindi: Rabearivelo, c. Already have a WordPress. Article Talk. In Rabearivelo we are offered
Rab�arivelo's early pieces, written in strictly metered verse, were influenced by 19th-century French Symbolism. He corresponded with Gide and a number of poets in France, Belgium, and Tunisia, who stimulated his own creation of poetry.
At the beginning of his career, Rab�arivelo asked a doctor to inject him with the type of tuberculosis bacilli that had killed Albert Samain, a poet and writer of the Symbolists school, at the age of (Against the Postcolonial: "francophone" Writers at the Ends of French Empire by Richard Serrano, , p.
45)
In Rab�arivelo was accepted into the Acad�mie Malgache, founded after the model of Acad�mie Fran�aise. He never got the higher-paid job, which he always hoped for, from the administration. The oppressive colonial rule set the boundaries to Rab�arivelo's work more or less visibly. Several nationally prominent writers had been imprisoned in the s, Malagasy-language writing was restricted, but memories of independence were still fresh.
Unable to pay his taxes, Rab�arivelo was imprisoned for a brief time.
In spite of being treated badly by the colonial government, he refused to give up his faith in French culture. Rab�arivelo remained an unapologetic royalist and admired the anti-democratic writer Charles Maurras.
A recurring theme Rab�arivelo's collections was exile, the journey away from the native land, referring to the loss of independence.
When all texts written in French were considered to belong to French literature, Rab�arivelo supported bilingual works and proposed that "Malagasy literature" would recognize French-language texts composed by the Malagasy. To underline his point about the dual nature of the colonial culture, he wore Westernstyle clothes under his traditional long robe.
Any spare money he spent on books. Once he received 30 kilos of books abroad.
In the s Rab�arivelo launched his own journal, Capricorne. Like Baudelaire, one of his role models, Rab�arivelo was too much of an unpractical dreamer to join the cadres of militant poets. Many of his friends opposed French rule.
Rab�arivelo's own private goal was to get to France, to be assimilated into a whole greater culture. He also produced several translations of French poems. The dream never realized.
Sharing Baudelaire's disgust of mediocre life, Rab�arivelo replaced the reality of a colonized civilization with his own images, and created a new mythical world, shadowed by visions of suffering and death.
This cosmos, which was populated by wandering tribes, was full of bitter-sweet beauty.
Jean-joseph rabearivelo biography of mahatma gandhi His forthcoming book length poem is titled Monsoon. In , Rabearivelo was hired as an assistant librarian [ 3 ] at the Cercle de l'Union social club. He identified himself and his work as post-symbolist in the early part of his artistic career. In the romantic period, typified by Sylves and Volumes , Rabearivelo's poems are shorter and reflect a purer form of traditional models."You who left at dawn / and who thus entered a doubly walled night, / human words can no longer reach you, / nor can these floral stalks be a crown for you / having turned into bursting buds around the trees of Imerina / The very morning you departed from us." ('French-Language Poetry' by Edris Makward, in A History of Twentieth-century African Literatures, edited by Oyekan Owomoyela, , pp.
)
La Coupe de cendres (), Rab�arivelo's first collection of poems, was followed by Sylves (), which included 'Nobles d�dains,' 'Fleurs m�l�es,' 'Destin�e,', 'Dixains,' and 'Sonnets et po�mes d'Iarive'. The third collection, Volumes (), contained 'Vers le bonheur,' 'La guirlande � l'amiti�,' 'Interlude rythmique.' 'Sept quatrains.' 'Arbres,' 'Au soleil estival,' ' and 'Coeur et ciel d'Iarive'.
Volumes () contained 11 poems about trees, "your murmur relates the soul of my ancestors to me". Presque Songes () was originally written in French and then translated into Malagasy, but Rab�arivelo wrote the French poems as if they were translations.
Jean-joseph rabearivelo biography of mahatma gandhi in english He committed suicide in A street and a high school in Antananarivo were named after him, and Rabearivelo has a dedicated room in the National Library of Madagascar. But through his friendship with Pierre Camo—a French official who was also a minor poet—Rabearivelo became acquainted with contemporary symbolist poetry and managed to free himself of the shackles of conventional versification and diction. Sign me up.This collection was his first venture into free verse.
Rab�arivelo's plays, Imaitsoanala, Fille d'oiseau () and Aux portes de la ville (), focused on rituals and folklore and carefully avoided any reference to politically inflammable issues. On the other hand, none of his critical works were published in his lifetime.
Rab�arivelo's love poems, a translation from traditional Malagasy poetic form known as hain-teny, were collected in Vieilles chansons des pays d'Imerina (). Hain-teny is often proverbial, linked to the oral tradition. His compatriot Flavien Ranaivo also drew from this resource of dialogue poetry.
Rab�arivelo committed suicide on June 22, , by poisoning himself with cyanide. Various reasons have been given for his suicide, including the colonial administration's decision to send a group of basket-weavers instead of him to France to represent the colony. It was also known that he had a melancholic temperament and was addicted to drugs.
He had seriously considered suicide as early as , and even wrote a farewell letter for his children.
I know a child, a prince in God's kingdom
Who would continue the tale:
'Fate took pity on the lepers
And told them to plant their flowers
And guard their springs afar from man's cruelty.'
(from Presque-songes, )
Several of Rab�arivelo's poems was published in L�opold Senghor's famous Anthologie de la nouvelle po�sie n�gre et malgache (), the seminal anthology embodying the aspirations of the Negritude movement.
However, Rab�arivelo wrote outside the framework of the movement. A selection of Rab�arivelo's poems translated into English, 24 Songs, came out in Translations from the Night, edited by John Reed and Clive Wake, was issued by Heinemann a few years later. Gerald Moore and Ulli Beier called Rab�arivelo "a poet of genius" in Modern Poetry from Africa ().
For further reading: Malagasy Ecopoetics: The Hybrid Poetry of Parny, Rabearivelo and Mahaleo by Christie Margrave (); Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo: une biographie by Claire Riffard (); Refractive Africa by Will Alexander (); La double culture de Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo: entre Latins et Scythes by Gavin Bowd (); Against the Postcolonial: "francophone" Writers at the Ends of French Empire by Richard Serrano (); 'Jean-Joseph Rab�arivelo' by Moradewun A.Adejunmobi, in Postcolonial African Writers, edited Pushpa Naidu Parekh and Siga Fatima Jagne (); Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo, Literature, and Lingua Franca in Colonial Madagascar by Moradewun Adejunmobi (); Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo, cet inconnu (); European Language Writing in Sub-Saharan Africa, ed.
by A. G�rard (); Introduction to African Prose Narrative, edited by L. Losambe (); The Critical Evaluation of African Literature, edited by by Edgar Wright (); Jean-Joseph Rab�arivelo Paul Valette ()
Selected works:
- La Coupe de cendres, [The bowl of ashes]
- Sylves, [Virgin lands]
- Volumes,
- Presque Songes, [Half dreams]
- Imaitsoanala, Fille d'oiseau,
- Traduit de la nuit, - Translated from the Night, (translated by Robert Ziller)
- Aux portes de la ville,
- Chants pour Abeone,
- Vieilles chansons de pays Imerina, [Old songs from the land of Imerina]
- Lova,
- Des stances oubli�es,
- Po�mes: Presque Songes, Traduit de la nuit,
- 24 Poems, (designed & illustrated by M.
E. Betts)
- Amboara poezia sy tononkalo malagasy,
- Vieilles chansons des pays d'Imerina,
- Translations from the Night: Selected Poems of Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo, (ed. John Reed and Clive Wake) /
- L'Interf�rence suivi d'Un conte de la nuit,
- Irene Ralima,
- L'Interf�rence, [The Interference; novel, written in ]
- Eo ambavahadim-boahitra,
- Imaitsoanala zana-borona,
- Resy harany,
- Po�mes,
- L'Auge rouge, [The Red Dawn; novel]
- Complete Late Poetry of Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo, (edited and translated by Leonard Fox; with an introduction by Jacques Rabemananjara)
- &#;uvres comple&#;tes, (ouvrage publie&#; sous la direction de Serge Meitinger, Liliane Ramarosoa et Claire Riffard)