Crnjaci hitler biography

20th-century dictatorship

The government of Nazi Germany was a totalitariandictatorship governed by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party according to the Führerprinzip. Nazi Germany was established in January with the appointment of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany, followed by suspension of basic rights with the Reichstag Fire Decree and the Enabling Act which gave Hitler's regime the power to pass and enforce laws without the involvement of the Reichstag or German president, and de facto ended with Germany's surrender in World War II on 8 May and de jure ended with the Berlin Declaration on 5 June

As the successor to the government of the Weimar Republic, it inherited the governmental structure and institutions of the previous state.

Although the Weimar Constitution technically remained in effect until the German surrender, there were no actual restraints on the exercise of state power. In addition to the already extant Weimar government, the Nazi leadership created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them govern and remain in power. They pursued a policy of rearmament and strengthened the Wehrmacht, established an extensive national security apparatus and created the Waffen-SS, the combat branch of the Schutzstaffel (SS).

Working towards the Führer

Main article: Hitler cabinet

On 30 January , President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor of Germany.

Hitler biography movie The Battle of Stalingrad. God's mercy on our people and the entire European world if this barbaric enemy had been able to move his tens of thousands of tanks before we moved ours! Now Eva joined Hitler in the bunker, and on April 29, , they were married. Then, on the night of 13—14 October , Corporal Hitler got caught in a mustard gas attack by the British.

This event is known as the Machtergreifung (seizure of power). In the following months, the Nazi Party used a process termed Gleichschaltung (co-ordination) to rapidly bring all aspects of life under control of the party. All civilian organisations, including agricultural groups, volunteer organisations, and sports clubs, had their leadership replaced with Nazi sympathisers or party members.

By July , all other political parties had been banned or had dissolved themselves, and the Law Against the Formation of Parties declared the Nazis the only legal party.

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Hitler nationality

Virtually the only organisations not controlled by the NSDAP were the army and the churches. When President Hindenburg died in August , the Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich merged the offices of Reich President and Chancellor and conferred the position on Hitler, who thus also became head of state and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces.

By , party membership was compulsory for all civil service officials. Hitler ruled Germany autocratically by asserting the Führerprinzip (leader principle), which called for absolute obedience of all subordinates. He viewed the government structure as a pyramid, with himself at the apex. Rank in the party was not determined by elections; positions were filled through appointment by those of higher rank.

The Nazi Party used propaganda to develop a cult of personalityaround Hitler.

Top officials reported to Hitler and followed his policies, but they had considerable autonomy. Officials were expected to "work towards the Führer"&#;– to take the initiative in promoting policies and actions in line with his wishes and the goals of the Nazi Party, without Hitler having to be involved in the day-to-day running of the country.

He often deferred making decisions, avoided clear delegation and allowed subordinates to compete with one another, especially in the pre-war years. The government was not a coordinated, co-operating body, but rather a disorganised collection of factions led by members of the party elite who struggled to amass power and gain the Führer's favour.

The system of government was formed whereby leading Nazi officials were forced to interpret Hitler's speeches, remarks and writings on government policies and turn them into programs and legislation.

Hitler biography video: Adolfati, Andrea. Alois grew up on a farm, and then made a career in the Austrian customs service, where he was reputedly bossy but liberal-minded. London: B. This was the beginning of the " Third Reich ," the name by which Hitler's regime and this period in Germany history became known.

Hitler typically did not give written orders; instead he communicated them verbally, or had them conveyed through his close associate, Martin Bormann. He entrusted Bormann with his paperwork, appointments, and personal finances; Bormann used his position to control the flow of information and access to Hitler. Hitler's cabinet never met after , and he discouraged his ministers from meeting independently.

Hitler's leadership style was to give contradictory orders to his subordinates and to place them into positions where their duties and responsibilities overlapped with those of others, to have "the stronger one [do] the job".

In this way, Hitler fostered distrust, competition, and infighting among his subordinates to consolidate and maximise his own power.

The process allowed more unscrupulous and ambitious Nazis to get away with implementing the more radical and extreme elements of Hitler's ideology, such as antisemitism, and in doing so win political favour.

Crnjaci hitler biography death Others, such as Martin Broszat, assert that Hitler had far less control over events, that his regime was based on a chaotic struggle of power between competing agencies, and that his policies were largely the function of circumstances rather than careful, farsighted planning. Rudolph Binion. The Nazi Party continued building public support through propaganda and violence. Adolf Hitler.

It was protected by Joseph Goebbels' effective propaganda machine, which portrayed Hitler as a heroic and infallible leader. Further, the government was portrayed as a dedicated, dutiful and efficient outfit. Through successive Reichsstatthalter decrees, Germany's states were effectively replaced by Nazi provinces called Gaue.

After June as World War II progressed, Hitler became preoccupied with military matters and spent most of his time at his military headquarters on the eastern front. This led Hitler to rely more and more on Bormann to handle the domestic policies of the country. On 12 April , Hitler officially appointed Bormann as Personal Secretary to the Führer.

By this time Bormann had de facto control over all domestic matters, and this new appointment gave him the power to act in an official capacity in any matter.

Historical opinion is divided between "intentionalists" who believe that Hitler created this system as the only means of ensuring both the total loyalty and dedication of his supporters, and the impossibility of a conspiracy; and the "structuralists" who believe that the system evolved by itself and was a limitation on Hitler's totalitarian power.

The organization of the Nazi state was as follows:

Chancelleries and other national authorities

Cabinet ministries

• Foreign Office (Konstantin von Neurath, Joachim von Ribbentrop)
• Interior Ministry (Wilhelm Frick, Heinrich Himmler)
• Ministry of Finance (Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk)
• Ministry of Justice (Franz Gürtner, Franz Schlegelberger, Otto Georg Thierack)
• Ministry of the Reichswehr (Werner von Blomberg)
• Ministry for Economics (Hjalmar Schacht, Hermann Göring, Walther Funk)
• Ministry of Food and Agriculture (Richard Walther Darré, Herbert Backe)
• Labor Ministry (Franz Seldte)
• Postal Ministry (Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach, Wilhelm Ohnesorge)
• Ministry of Transport (Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach, Julius Dorpmüller)
• Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda (Joseph Goebbels)
• Ministry of Aviation (Hermann Göring)
• Ministry of Science, Education and Culture (Bernhard Rust)
• Ministry for Church Affairs (Hanns Kerrl)
• Ministry of Armaments and War Production (Fritz Todt, Albert Speer)
• Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories (Alfred Rosenberg)
• Ministers without Portfolio (Hermann Göring, Ernst Röhm, Rudolf Hess, Hanns Kerrl, Hans Frank, Hjalmar Schacht, Hans Lammers, Konstantin von Neurath, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Wilhelm Frick & Konstantin Hierl)

Reich offices

State and provincial administrators

Main article: Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany

Occupation authorities

Further information: Reichskommissar

Legislative branch

It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a legislative branch in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers.

Crnjaci hitler biography He applied to the academy again in but was rejected. Hitler began sending Jews—along with other people he deemed undesirable, such as Catholics, Roma commonly known as Gypsies , homosexuals, and political opponents—to labor or concentration camps in Poland. But the noise and smoke of battle needed to cover mass shootings dwindled too fast. Alois grew up on a farm, and then made a career in the Austrian customs service, where he was reputedly bossy but liberal-minded.

Since passage of the Enabling Act the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was empowered to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution.

Judicial system

Most of the judicial structures and legal codes of the Weimar Republic remained in use during the Nazi era, but significant changes within the judicial codes occurred, as well as significant changes in court rulings.

Most human rights of the constitution of the Weimar Republic were disabled by several Reichsgesetze (Reich's laws). Several minorities, opposition politicians and prisoners of war were deprived of most of their rights and responsibilities. The plan to pass a Volksstrafgesetzbuch (people's code of criminal justice) arose soon after but didn't come into reality until the end of World War II.

As a new type of court, the Volksgerichtshof (people's court) was established in , only dealing with cases of political importance. In practice, it served only as a kangaroo court, conducting show trials that gave the appearance of legal process while handing down harsh sentences to political enemies. From to , the court sentenced 10, people to prison and imposed the death penalty on 5, more who were convicted of high treason.^[19] About 1, were acquitted.^[20] Its most prominent members were Otto Georg Thierack, president of the court from May to August , and Roland Freisler who presided from August to February After the war ended, some surviving jurists were tried, convicted, and sentenced as war criminals.

Military organizations

See also: Military history of Germany during World War II

OKW&#;&#; Armed Forces High Command

Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces

Field MarshalWilhelm Keitel

Chief of the Operations Staff

Colonel GeneralAlfred Jodl

Chief of Military Intelligence (Abwehr)

Rear AdmiralKonrad Patzig ()

Vice AdmiralWilhelm Canaris ()

• Heer&#;&#; Army

OKH&#;&#; Army High Command

Army Commanders-in-Chief

Colonel GeneralWerner von Fritsch ( to )

Field MarshalWalther von Brauchitsch ( to )

Führer and Reich ChancellorAdolf Hitler ( to )

Field MarshalFerdinand Schörner (May )

OKM&#;&#; Navy High Command

Navy Commanders-in-Chief

Grand AdmiralErich Raeder ()

Grand AdmiralKarl Dönitz ()

General AdmiralHans-Georg von Friedeburg (May )

OKL&#;&#; Air Force High Command

Air Force Commanders-in-Chief

Reich MarshalHermann Göring (to April )

Field MarshalRobert Ritter von Greim (April )

Paramilitary organizations

National police agencies

Main article: Police forces of Nazi Germany

Political and youth organizations

Service organizations

Religious organizations

Academic and professional organizations

References

Notes

Bibliography